我是怎麼了?女性冠心病的診斷經驗

What's Wrong with Me? Women's Coronary Heart Disease Diagnostic Experiences

Abstract and Information:
  • 多數女性沒有意識她們可能會有非典型的冠狀動脈心臟疾病(CHD)症狀,這些非典型症狀常導致女性較不容易被診斷出冠心病或心肌梗塞。調查女性冠心病診斷的經驗,可能會發現醫療能對此採取的干預措施。分析四十位婦女的就醫經驗,歸類出五種反應:awareness, seeking treatment, frustration, treatment decisions, and anger。儘管出現許多不適的症狀,也多次求診,但多數女性在出現心肌梗塞前,都未被確診CHD,造成許多延誤治療的情況。而那些一再尋求治療的女性,對沒有被早期確診感到十分憤怒。仍需進一步的研究,以促進早期症狀的識別、及時診斷和有效的治療,進而改善女性CHD的治療結果,並防止類似的不良診斷經驗
  • 即使女性尋求醫療協助,她們不典型的冠心病與心肌梗塞症狀,往往導致臨床醫生的不正確診斷和延遲干預治療。
  • 性別偏見可能會影響臨床醫生看待女性對症狀嚴重性的解釋。
  • 即使醫生執行常規診斷篩檢,其診斷生理學是針對男性心臟的,因此在診斷女性特殊的冠心病症狀是缺乏敏感度的
Background:
  • 最近的研究指出,女性經驗到的早期預警前驅症狀,比心肌梗塞的發生早了約一個月。
  • 前驅症狀是由McSweeney et al.所定義,為在MI發生前,和/或MI消失後,出現的頻率和/或嚴重程度增高的間歇性症狀。
  • 一份針對515位女性的研究歸納出常見的前驅症狀有:異常疲勞、睡眠障礙、呼吸短促、消化不良以及焦慮,而胸部不適在心肌梗塞發生前較少出現。
  • Wenger指出,非特定性的胸部疼痛很少與CHD有關,因此,胸部疼痛未必是診斷CHD的可靠指標。
  • 研究人員發現,在發生心肌梗塞前,女性報告的異常疲勞症狀多於男性。而當控制了常見的冠心病危險因子,異常疲勞幾乎增加了三倍的心肌梗塞風險。因此,他們認為嚴重疲勞的評估應被包含在心肌梗塞風險中。
  • 通常前驅症狀早於心肌梗塞發生,因此是有充足的時間進行干預治療的。前驅期是至關重要的,如果能夠早期發現並正確治療冠心病,也許可以避免或延緩女性的心肌梗塞
  • 女性在心肌梗塞後有更高的死亡率和傷殘率,也比男性更有可能在第一年時經驗到第二次的心肌梗塞;然而,前驅症狀可能是不明顯的,女性和醫療提供者都可能會忽略、或把將症狀歸因為其它疾病,造成診斷問題。
  • 由於女性罹患CHD的年齡往往比男性高,她們通常也有更多的合併症,使得不明確的不適感容易被歸因於其它疾病
  • 對前驅症狀的知識不足、在健康教育與培訓上沒有提及冠心病與心肌梗塞的性別差異,以及性別偏見,都造成了女性CHD的症狀解釋與治療的偏誤。
  • 一些研究證實了女性冠心病或心肌梗塞的前驅症狀診斷經驗,在尋求醫療協助時遭遇到了困難。有些女性會因先前醫生的「家長式作風」經驗,而猶豫是否該看醫生。
  • 有些女性害怕自己體重超重會受到責難,擔心自己的症狀不夠明確,和/或擔心被貼上憂鬱症的標籤。
  • 有研究指出,女性在與醫生作症狀溝通時經歷到困難,也擔心醫生不把她們當一回事。許多女性表示,她們的醫療提供者會責怪她們,並將之歸咎於「神經質」或抑鬱症狀。
  • 許多研究發現,在經驗到心肌梗塞後,比起男性,女性推遲尋求醫療協助的時間更長。可能原因包括:女性沒有察覺到她們有心臟病的風險、沒有意識到那些症狀就是心肌梗塞、不知道她們的症狀與典型的心肌梗塞不同、缺乏治療的費用。這些拖延造成顯著的發病率和死亡率
  • 尋求心肌梗塞醫療時,女性可能被誤診,或即使正確診斷,醫生對女性的治療不如對男性的積極,因為大部分對冠心病診斷與治療的研究證據,都是針對中年男性做的建議。
  • 臨床醫生對女性的誤診,往往因為她們主要的不適為呼吸短促,而非胸痛,和/或有正常的心電圖。
Results:

  • 前驅期:女性第一次意識到她們的症狀到急性發作的期間。包含三種論題:意識(awareness)、尋求治療(seeking treatment)、沮喪(frustration)。
  • 急性期:急性症狀的開始到被診斷出心肌梗塞,此時論題為治療決策(treatment decisions)。
  • 憤怒(anger)期:涵括整個前驅期與急性期。
  • ㄧ、Awareness:前驅期的第一種論題,當女性意識到她們有顯著症狀,直到她們做出就醫的決定。在此期間,有三種反應:否認(denial)、自我意識(self-awareness)、尋求建議(seeking advice)。

    1. 否認:雖然大多數女性描述了她們的前驅症狀,她們最初是
    否認這些症狀或否認可能與心臟相關。一位女性說:「我沒那麼嚴重!」,而另一些人將早期症狀歸因於「變老」或「因為我太瘦了」。一位女性描述了她的否認:「I guess maybe I was in a little bit of denial myself because who wants to believe they have a heart problem.」這些否認會延誤女性尋求適當的治療。此期間的長度,取決於的前驅症狀的嚴重程度和頻率。

    2. 自我意識:隨著前驅症狀的持續,多數的女性不再否認這些症狀,並開始認為自己的身體出了狀況。她們通常不會說出來,但是知道有什麼不對勁。一位女性說:「I just kept hurting. I know my body and something wasn't right.
    Something is making me sick. I just don't know what it is.

    3. 尋求建議:女性會向值得信賴的朋友和親戚尋求建議。這些女性在她們的症狀被其它人確認後,她們才會覺得自己尋求治療是有道理的。而親戚和朋友的建議都是直接尋求醫療評估。因此,徵求建議的行為很快會過渡到下一個論題。但女性在這個階段的時間長短,不僅與症狀的嚴重程度有關,也受到資金、健康保險和看護責任的影響。最終,由於症狀的持續與日益嚴重,女性才跨越這些障礙,決定尋求治療。
  • 二、Seeking Treatment:多數女性在此期間開始尋求專業協助,但很少或幾乎沒有減輕症狀,導致一些女性懷疑自己和自己的前驅症狀。有兩種反應:治療(treatment)和比較/驗證(comparing/validating)。

    1. 治療:「I went to the doctor and went on the treadmill and everything and they
    couldn't find anything wrong. They put me on [cimetidine].」雖然她的醫生把認真看待她的症狀,並讓她接受壓力測試,但她的診斷卻為偽陰性反應。一位有CHD家族病史的30多歲的女性,她母親在40歲出頭時發現心肌梗塞,當她告知醫生護士時,她仍未獲得任何針對症狀的治療。許多女性表示自己的症狀「不被重視」,或者被告知她們的症狀是沒什麼好擔心的。許多婦女認為醫生漠視她們的前驅症狀,只因為她們是女性。一位女性說:「My husband had some chest pains and went down there (clinician's office) and no questions asked, first thing they did was run an ECG on him. I go down there and say I'm hurting here and I can't breathe and the first thing that is told to me is "You're suffering from anxiety.」一位女性也說:「I had an anxious feeling and what the doctor wrote down on my chart when I said anxious, he thought nerves. That wasn't it at all. I wasn't nervous, it was this inner kind of anxiety that I just felt. I didn't know what was happening but I knew something inside was making me awfully anxious.」而她被醫生開給治療緊張的處方藥。

    在首次會診後,有些女性因為醫生的漠不關心或被告知她們的前驅症狀是微不足道的,於是不再看醫生。其它人則因被診斷出焦慮、抑鬱、消化不良、食管裂孔疝、關節炎、坐骨神經痛、顳頜關節痛、高血壓、二尖瓣脫垂、膽囊疾病、糖尿病和高膽固醇等,而持續回診,醫生也開給各種藥物治療。

    在40位女性中,有5位接受了膽固醇檢查,7位進行壓力測試、4位在前驅期進行心電圖。另外有5位終於有了心導管,其中1位接受血管成形術。而其它女性則沒有接受到任何心血管疾病的檢測

    當治療是無效、症狀加劇或有新症狀,女性通常會回診或更換其它醫生。但每次看診,女性都只是被開給多種藥物處方以治療這些未解決的症狀。有些女性開始懷疑自己,懷疑這些症狀是她們幻想出來的,而這種自我懷疑,有時是受到醫療專業者的意見影響。一位女性被醫生說:「You just read too much, there's nothing wrong.」不幸的是,有些女性因為自我懷疑以及醫療費用的增加而不再尋求醫療協助。

    2. 比較/驗證:如果醫療協助仍無法緩解症狀,多數女性會再次尋求意見。她們會比較自己與其它人的症狀,以嘗試了解自己的身體怎麼了。她們會問別人關於她們接受到的治療、是否有其它建議,以期減輕自己的不適症狀。只有一位女性很幸運,剛好有一個有心臟疾病史的朋友,給了她硝酸甘油,而那確實減緩了她的症狀。於是這名女性換了一位醫生,並告訴醫生硝化甘油解決了她的症狀,但醫生給她做了心電圖的結果卻是正常的。醫生建議她接受進一步的胃腸診斷測試,但她無法負擔得起,最終,她接受了檢查,並被診斷為膽結石。一直到急性症狀出現前,她都沒有接受到進一步的心臟治療。對於多數的女性,這個週期是反覆的,尋求醫療提供者、與它人的症狀作比較/驗證,而持續的前驅症狀,讓女性對醫療專業感到愈來愈沮喪。
  • 三、Frustration:大多數的女性都反覆提及強烈的沮喪,甚至在被診斷出心肌梗塞的13個月之後,仍感到相當失望和憤怒。而這與結果(outcome)有關。

    1.結果:在整個前驅期,女性的前驅症狀持續著,且不被醫生認真看待,造成挫折沮喪加劇。儘管多次看診和多種藥物治療,這些症狀依然存在。一位女性解釋了她的想法:「I had a gut feeling at
    that time I probably needed to call my mother's cardiologist, but then I thought, no, they are going to think I'm crazy. Two weeks went by and my chest was still hurting. I hated to call back over there. They're going to think I'm a hypochondriac.」一位女性則說:「I had gotten so frustrated at that point that I talked a little straighter to him (physician) myself. I was frustrated because they weren't finding anything, but I felt like something was going on, that they really weren't working real hard to find out what was going on.」
  • 四、Treatment decisions:當進入急性期,大多數女性也會先尋求家人或朋友的意見。有些女性經歷了激烈的症狀,並很快的求醫,而另一些女性則延遲幾個小時才去求醫。沒有保險、醫生冷漠、自我懷疑、恐懼、檢查結果正常、非典型症狀、和/或症狀輕微,都造成女性尋求治療的延誤。

    1. 決定什麼時候接受治療:由於以前的經驗,許多女性會先自我評估才決定是否尋求治療。這個決策過程是如下:「I'd have one pain at first, and it would flare up like that and then it would
    ease up, flare up again, and ease up. Then it got to where it was just constant. That's when I decided to go to the emergency room.」

    2. 決定去哪裡接受治療:有些女性選擇救護車急診服務、也有些是家人開車送她們去醫院。一位有著典型症狀的女性重述了她的故事:「I walked into the ER and told them
    I was having pains in my chest, so she got me a wheelchair and took me back into one of the rooms. They were right there, one after the other, taking an ECG and doing this and making sure the nitroglycerin worked and gave me a couple of aspirin. They said that I had a heart attack.」

    而另一位經歷較非典型急性症狀的女性,則生動地回憶起她在急診的沮喪和情緒:「I was beginning to think that I was imagining the pain.
    The initial ECG was normal. I was sitting there thinking, "Oh, God, I went through all this, called an ambulance and everything else and here I am in the ER with all these people trying to figure out what's wrong with me and there's not a damn thing in the world wrong with me." I remember feeling very irritated about that. The doctor tells the nurse to give me something to relax me. I remember feeling frustrated and being irritated because they wanted to tell me that I was having indigestion (previous diagnosis). They gave me morphine and [diazepam] and then hooked me up to a monitor. Then they said, "We need to do another ECG" and he (physician) looked up at the monitor and said, "She's having a heart attack!」

    有較少典型和/或強烈症狀的女性,往往對症狀產生自我懷疑,並且不確定開採取什麼行動。一位有著非典型症狀的女性說:「I went in, and by not having an appointment, I had to wait my chance to get in. I was OK but I was in pain (mild). When I finally did get into his office,
    I told him everything hurt, my arm and my back. He said he needed to do a stress test on me immediately. The minute he put me on that machine the attendant said "She's not going to make it, Doctor" and they took me off. I was woozy—going in and out—and the last thing I remember him saying was, "Put two pills under her tongue quickly.」

    另一位女性就沒這麼幸運了:「I called the office about nine o'clock and told the gal who answered the phone that I needed to talk to the nurse— I knew I couldn't talk to the doctor—because I was really having some pain,
    some heavy pain in my chest. I'd had it for some hours and so I needed some instructions to know what to do. The nurse said, "Well you know how Fridays are. We're just booked solid and besides, you know the doctor likes to leave early on Friday so we won't be able to work you in today." I talked to them twice; this went on all day. They never said, "If you're hurting that bad, why don't you go to the emergency room?」後來她被家人送去急診室。
  • 五、Anger:憤怒被涵括在整個前驅期到急性期。雖然多數女性在被確診後,一開始會感到欣慰,但很快就會感到憤怒:「一再地求診,為什麼沒有被更早期診斷出來?」這些女性對於自己的症狀被醫生輕忽或其症狀被歸咎於抑鬱或焦慮,而感到憤怒。

    對於那些很快被確診為心肌梗塞的女性,她們的憤怒以前驅期為中心,而那些在心肌梗塞急性期才被確診的女性,她們的憤怒在13個月之後仍然相當劇烈。

    有位在急診室正經歷心肌梗塞卻被送回家的女性說:「I feel they should have at least kept me around maybe for another ECG a little later—or suggested that I be admitted because being with a heart attack, that's what caused the damage.
    Had something been done right away I would not have heart damage.

    一位對臨床醫生感到憤怒的女性說:「I couldn't stand the sight of him (physician)
    after that (MI event) and he acted like nothing was wrong.」
    一位生氣自己成為醫療保健受害者的女性說:「
    I think that the medical profession, especially with women, needs to come alive as far as their treatment and their concerns. They need to open their minds that you know women do have the same problems as men and just become more aware of it.」
    也有捍衛自己醫生的女性:「
    They (doctors) relate more to men as having them (MI) than they do to women. I just wish I could have been diagnosed sooner, I'm not saying it's the doctor's fault because lack of money and not having any health insurance, that was part of it so I can't blame anyone but myself.」
    一位將自己較不易被診斷出CHD合理化的女性說:「Maybe I didn't stress the heart...Maybe it could have been diagnosed earlier; maybe it's just a woman thing. And
    maybe because I didn't have the symptoms of the set of rules for a heart attack and they didn't resemble those of a man.」 

Discussion:
  • 在這項研究中,女性通常會否認最初的症狀,後來才尋求援助,這與其它的研究一致。女性通常是在尋求其它人意見後,才考慮就醫。女性向它人尋求諮詢的兩個時期:意識到自己身體有異時,以及持續未被減緩的症狀。這是特別適合干預的時期。因為女性會受到它人影響自己尋求醫療協助的決定,GO RED組織可能就對有效提高女性對CHD症狀的認知。
  • 女性通常沒有意識到這些前驅症狀是與心臟疾病有關的。基於這些發現,對於冠心病或心肌梗塞高風險的女性,提供教育諮詢是必要的。
  • 一旦女性決定尋求治療,她們卻較難被確診,並感覺到自己不受重視,還需要接受消化不良或憂鬱症的治療。女性會對尋求醫療協助感到猶豫,因為她們害怕自己的不健康受到責難、不想因為自己不明確的症狀浪費醫生的時間、或與醫生產生不良的溝通情況
  • Schoenberg et al. 指出,醫病互動的問題,讓女性即使有著極度不適,仍不願看醫生。臨床醫生與病患的互動不足,使得女性延遲向醫療尋求治療,並導致較差的預後
  • 在另一項研究報告中,甚至有位年輕女性被告知:「女人不會有心臟病。」因此,臨床醫生需要接受更多的教育,以識別女性冠心病。更多的研究也是必要的,以判別女性CHD的前驅症狀。
  • Canto et al.指出,沒有胸部疼痛(主要是女性)的人,往往在心肌梗塞出現前,經歷較久的延誤,並造成顯著的住院死亡率(23.3%:9.3%)。
  • 必須發展出一套evidence-based的女性常見CHD與心肌梗塞前驅症狀列表,並被納入教材中,以協助女性與醫生可以了解這些症狀的重要性。
  • 辨識女性CHD風險層級的準則以及相應的治療,也應完全在臨床實踐中實行。
  • 早期識別、診斷和有效的治療,是改善女性心肌梗塞死亡率和傷殘率的關鍵。
Jean C. McSweeney, PhD, RN; Leanne L. Lefler, MSN, APN, CCRN; Beth F. Crowder, PhD, RN, APN
Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 2005;20(2):48-57. 
www.medscape.com